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  A didactic model refers to a structured approach or framework used to guide teaching and learning processes. In digital education , didactic models help educators design, organize, and deliver instruction using digital tools and technologies. These models define how content is presented , how students interact with material and peers , and how learning is assessed in digital or blended environments. Introduction Digital education has rapidly expanded in the last decade, driven by advancements in technology and increased demand for flexible learning. With this growth, educators and researchers have developed various didactic models to support effective online teaching and learning. These models are informed by educational theories — such as constructivism, behaviorism, and connectivism — and adapted for digital contexts. A systematic literature review examines published research in a structured way to summarize what is known about a topic, identify trends, and reveal gaps. I...

  Meaning 3D printing , also known as additive manufacturing , is a technology that creates three-dimensional objects layer by layer from digital models. In the context of smart agriculture and food industries, 3D printing enables the design and production of customized tools, machine parts, sensors, food products, and packaging solutions with high precision and minimal material waste. In smart farming, it supports automation, IoT-based systems, and precision agriculture. In food processing, it enables personalized nutrition, innovative food design, and sustainable production practices. Introduction Agriculture and food processing are undergoing rapid transformation due to Industry 4.0 technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, and data analytics. Among these innovations, 3D printing has emerged as a disruptive tool that enhances flexibility, customization, and sustainability. In smart farming, farmers use digital technologies to monitor ...

  Meaning Engineered Natural Killer (NK) cells refer to genetically modified immune cells designed to enhance their ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. NK cells are a type of lymphocyte and an essential component of the innate immune system. Unlike T-cells, NK cells can identify and eliminate abnormal cells without prior sensitization. By engineering these cells—often using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)—scientists improve their specificity, persistence, and anti-tumor activity in cancer treatment. Introduction Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, particularly with the success of CAR-T cell therapy. However, CAR-T therapy is associated with serious side effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. To overcome these limitations, researchers have turned to engineered NK cells as a safer and potentially more versatile alternative. NK cells can be derived from multiple sources including peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, induce...

  1. Meaning Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) is a pedagogical approach that connects students and faculty from institutions in different countries through structured online collaboration. Instead of physical mobility, COIL integrates internationalization directly into the curriculum using digital platforms. In accounting education , COIL can be used to develop a sustainability mindset —a way of thinking that integrates environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into financial decision-making, reporting, auditing, and corporate accountability. 2. Introduction The accounting profession is evolving rapidly due to globalization, digitalization, and increasing emphasis on sustainability reporting frameworks such as those promoted by organizations like the International Sustainability Standards Board and the Global Reporting Initiative . Traditional accounting education focused mainly on financial reporting and compliance. However, modern account...

  Meaning Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) is a structured decision-making approach used to evaluate multiple alternatives based on several criteria simultaneously. In the context of industrial wastewater treatment, MCA helps identify the most sustainable technology by considering environmental, economic, technical, and social factors together rather than focusing on a single parameter such as cost or efficiency. It supports systematic comparison of technologies like biological treatment, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation, electrochemical processes, and hybrid systems. Introduction Industrial wastewater contains pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, nutrients, oils, and toxic chemicals. Selecting an appropriate treatment technology is complex because industries must balance treatment efficiency, cost, environmental impact, regulatory compliance, and operational feasibility. Traditional selection methods often prioritize financial considerations, ignoring long-te...

  Meaning Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, and the frequency of extreme weather events caused largely by greenhouse gas emissions. Food security means ensuring that all people have consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life. In the context of China , climate change and food security are closely linked because the country must feed nearly one-fifth of the world’s population with limited arable land and water resources. Introduction China’s food system is one of the largest and most complex in the world. As a major producer of rice, wheat, corn, and pork, the country plays a critical role in global food markets. However, rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, floods, droughts, and soil degradation increasingly threaten agricultural productivity. Regions such as the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Basin are experiencing climate variability that directly affects crop yields and fa...

Meaning The home food environment refers to the physical, social, cultural, and economic conditions within a household that influence children’s eating behaviors, food choices, nutrition intake, and long-term health outcomes. It includes food availability, parental feeding practices, meal patterns, cooking traditions, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms. In Northern China, the home food environment is shaped by regional climate, agricultural patterns, traditional cuisine, urbanization, and rapid economic transformation. The colder climate, wheat-based dietary traditions, preserved foods , and evolving lifestyles significantly influence what children eat and how families structure meals. Introduction Northern China, including provinces such as Beijing , Hebei , Shandong , Shanxi , Liaoning , and Inner Mongolia , has distinctive dietary traditions compared to Southern China. The region’s colder winters historically encouraged consumption of high-calorie, wheat-based foods such ...