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  1. Meaning ChatGPT adoption in education refers to the integration and use of AI-powered conversational systems—such as ChatGPT developed by OpenAI —to support, enhance, and personalize students’ learning experiences. It involves students using AI tools for tasks such as: Clarifying complex concepts Generating study materials Improving writing and research Practicing problem-solving Receiving instant feedback Learning effectiveness, in this context, refers to improved understanding, retention, engagement, academic performance, and skill development through AI-assisted learning. 2. Introduction The digital transformation of education has accelerated dramatically in the past decade. From Learning Management Systems (LMS) to online courses, technology has reshaped how students access and process knowledge. The emergence of generative AI tools like ChatGPT represents a new phase in educational innovation. Unlike static resources, ChatGPT provides interactive,...

  1. Meaning Environmental regulation refers to government-imposed rules, standards, taxes, permits, and policies designed to reduce environmental damage caused by economic activities. These include emission standards, carbon taxes, pollution permits, environmental impact assessments, and sustainability reporting mandates. Extensive margin decisions refer to firms’ decisions about whether to enter or exit a market, launch a new product, invest in a new region, adopt a new technology, or participate in a particular line of production. Unlike the intensive margin , which focuses on how much to produce, the extensive margin concerns the binary or structural choice —to operate or not to operate in a specific market or activity. Thus, environmental regulation and firms’ extensive margin decisions examines how environmental policies influence firms’ choices to: Enter or exit industries Invest in new markets or countries Start or discontinue product lines Adopt clean te...

  1. Meaning Platform cooperatives are digital platforms that are owned and governed by their workers or users , rather than by external shareholders or venture capital investors. They apply traditional cooperative principles—democratic ownership, shared profits, collective decision-making—to digital marketplaces such as ride-hailing, food delivery, freelancing, and home services. In contrast to investor-owned platforms like Uber or Airbnb , platform cooperatives prioritize worker welfare, equitable revenue distribution, and community value over profit maximization. The gig economy refers to a labor market characterized by short-term contracts, freelance work, and task-based employment mediated by digital platforms. 2. Introduction The rapid expansion of the gig economy has transformed global labor markets. Digital platforms connect millions of workers and customers, offering flexibility and income opportunities. However, this model has also generated concerns: job insecurit...

  1. Meaning A product title in e- commerce is a concise textual representation of a product designed to inform, attract, and persuade potential buyers. It typically includes essential attributes such as brand name, product type, key features, size, color, model number, compatibility, and sometimes promotional keywords. In digital marketplaces like Amazon, Flipkart, Alibaba, and Shopify-based stores, the product title is often the first point of interaction between the customer and the product. It plays a critical role in search engine visibility, ranking algorithms, click-through rates (CTR), and ultimately, conversions. Thus, a product title is not merely a name — it is a strategic communication tool that blends marketing, information retrieval, and consumer psychology. 2. Introduction With the rapid growth of e- commerce , millions of products compete for visibility in crowded digital marketplaces. In this environment, product titles serve multiple functions: Enabling...