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Comparison of 2 femtosecond lasers for laser in situ keratomileusis flap creation

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  Meaning A femtosecond laser for LASIK flap creation is a near-infrared pulsed laser that photodisrupts corneal tissue in a controlled plane to create a thin corneal flap. Femtosecond flap creation replaced mechanical microkeratomes for many surgeons because it improves flap thickness predictability, allows more precise flap geometry (diameter, hinge, side-cut), and generally reduces some blade-related complications. aaojournal.org +1 Introduction Creating a predictable, uniform flap is critical for safe, precise LASIK. Different femtosecond platforms use different optics/pulse strategies and patient interfaces, which influence intraoperative factors (pressure on the eye, speed), flap morphology (thickness accuracy, stromal surface roughness), and short-term recovery. Two widely discussed platforms are IntraLase (various models/Hz generations; historically popular) and VisuMax (ZEISS—also used for SMILE and noted for its curved interface and low pulse-energy/high frequency ...
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Novel influenza vaccine design strategies.

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  Meaning Novel influenza vaccine design strategies are modern approaches that go beyond traditional egg-based, inactivated influenza vaccines . They use new platforms (mRNA, viral vectors, nanoparticles, etc.), target conserved viral regions (e.g., HA stalk, M2e), or apply computational design to make vaccines that are faster to produce, broader in protection, more potent, or longer-lasting. Introduction Seasonal influenza evolves rapidly, so conventional vaccines must be reformulated yearly and often show variable effectiveness. Novel design strategies aim to overcome these limits by improving speed of manufacture, breadth of immune protection (toward a “universal” vaccine ), and the magnitude and durability of immune responses. These approaches also offer routes to better pandemic preparedness. Advantages Speed & flexibility : Platforms such as mRNA and some viral vectors can be designed and manufactured quickly after a strain is identified. Broader protection pot...
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Hepatitis Vaccines: Recent Advances and Challenges

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  Meaning “Hepatitis vaccines” refers to vaccines that prevent viral hepatitis infections (principally hepatitis A, B, and E) and to experimental/therapeutic vaccines being developed to prevent or treat chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and — in research stages — hepatitis C (HCV). For clarity: licensed, widely used prophylactic vaccines exist for HAV and HBV (and HEV/“Hecolin” in some countries); there is no licensed HCV vaccine yet , and therapeutic HBV vaccines (to treat chronic infection) are an active area of research. World Health Organization +2 ScienceDirect +2 Introduction Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) causes acute and chronic liver disease worldwide and remains a major public-health problem — hepatitis (particularly B and C) causes over a million deaths per year and is a leading infectious cause of mortality. Vaccination is one of the most powerful tools to prevent hepatitis B (which also prevents hepatitis D co-infection) and to control outbreaks of hepatitis A and, in so...
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